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C++ provides the following classes to perform output and input of characters to/from files:

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• ofstream: Stream class to write on files
• ifstream: Stream class to read from files
• fstream: Stream class to both read and write from/to files.

Feb 29, 2016  Read in the input file and organize the data inside from lowest to highest. Send the new data into an output text file. Close everything and reopen the output text file onto the screen. How can I accomplish the above with the Dev C compiler? Autotune antares crack mac. The code below is error-free, as far as I can tell. However, Dev C is not the compiler. It is designed to use the MinGW or Cygwin versions of GCC - both of which can be obtained as part of the Dev C package, although they are completely different projects. Dev C simply provides an editor, syntax highlighting, some facilities for the visualisation of code (like class and package browsing) and a graphical interface to the chosen compiler.

These classes are derived directly or indirectly from the classes istream and ostream. We have already used objects whose types were these classes: cin is an object of class istream and cout is an object of class ostream. Therefore, we have already been using classes that are related to our file streams. And in fact, we can use our file streams the same way we are already used to use cin and cout, with the only difference that we have to associate these streams with physical files. Let's see an example:
This code creates a file called example.txt and inserts a sentence into it in the same way we are used to do with cout, but using the file stream myfile instead.
But let's go step by step:

Open a file

The first operation generally performed on an object of one of these classes is to associate it to a real file. This procedure is known as to open a file. An open file is represented within a program by a stream (i.e., an object of one of these classes; in the previous example, this was myfile) and any input or output operation performed on this stream object will be applied to the physical file associated to it.
In order to open a file with a stream object we use its member function open:
open (filename, mode);

Where filename is a string representing the name of the file to be opened, and mode is an optional parameter with a combination of the following flags:

ios::in	Open for input operations.
ios::out	Open for output operations.
ios::binary	Open in binary mode.
ios::ate	Set the initial position at the end of the file. If this flag is not set, the initial position is the beginning of the file.
ios::app	All output operations are performed at the end of the file, appending the content to the current content of the file.
ios::trunc	If the file is opened for output operations and it already existed, its previous content is deleted and replaced by the new one.

All these flags can be combined using the bitwise operator OR (). For example, if we want to open the file example.bin in binary mode to add data we could do it by the following call to member function open:

Each of the open member functions of classes ofstream, ifstream and fstream has a default mode that is used if the file is opened without a second argument:

class	default mode parameter
ofstream	ios::out
ifstream	ios::in
fstream	ios::in ios::out

For ifstream and ofstream classes, ios::in and ios::out are automatically and respectively assumed, even if a mode that does not include them is passed as second argument to the open member function (the flags are combined).
For fstream, the default value is only applied if the function is called without specifying any value for the mode parameter. If the function is called with any value in that parameter the default mode is overridden, not combined.
File streams opened in binary mode perform input and output operations independently of any format considerations. Non-binary files are known as text files, and some translations may occur due to formatting of some special characters (like newline and carriage return characters).
Since the first task that is performed on a file stream is generally to open a file, these three classes include a constructor that automatically calls the open member function and has the exact same parameters as this member. Therefore, we could also have declared the previous myfile object and conduct the same opening operation in our previous example by writing:
Combining object construction and stream opening in a single statement. Both forms to open a file are valid and equivalent.
To check if a file stream was successful opening a file, you can do it by calling to member is_open. This member function returns a bool value of true in the case that indeed the stream object is associated with an open file, or false otherwise:

Closing a file

When we are finished with our input and output operations on a file we shall close it so that the operating system is notified and its resources become available again. For that, we call the stream's member function close. This member function takes flushes the associated buffers and closes the file:
Once this member function is called, the stream object can be re-used to open another file, and the file is available again to be opened by other processes.
In case that an object is destroyed while still associated with an open file, the destructor automatically calls the member function close.

Text files

Text file streams are those where the ios::binary flag is not included in their opening mode. These files are designed to store text and thus all values that are input or output from/to them can suffer some formatting transformations, which do not necessarily correspond to their literal binary value.
Writing operations on text files are performed in the same way we operated with cout:

Reading from a file can also be performed in the same way that we did with cin:
This last example reads a text file and prints out its content on the screen. We have created a while loop that reads the file line by line, using getline. The value returned by getline is a reference to the stream object itself, which when evaluated as a boolean expression (as in this while-loop) is true if the stream is ready for more operations, and false if either the end of the file has been reached or if some other error occurred.

Checking state flags

The following member functions exist to check for specific states of a stream (all of them return a bool value):

bad()

Returns true if a reading or writing operation fails. For example, in the case that we try to write to a file that is not open for writing or if the device where we try to write has no space left.

fail()

Returns true in the same cases as bad(), but also in the case that a format error happens, like when an alphabetical character is extracted when we are trying to read an integer number.

eof()

Returns true if a file open for reading has reached the end.

good()

It is the most generic state flag: it returns false in the same cases in which calling any of the previous functions would return true. Note that good and bad are not exact opposites (good checks more state flags at once).

The member function clear() can be used to reset the state flags.

get and put stream positioning

All i/o streams objects keep internally -at least- one internal position:
ifstream, like istream, keeps an internal get position with the location of the element to be read in the next input operation.
ofstream, like ostream, keeps an internal put position with the location where the next element has to be written.
Finally, fstream, keeps both, the get and the put position, like iostream.
These internal stream positions point to the locations within the stream where the next reading or writing operation is performed. These positions can be observed and modified using the following member functions:

tellg() and tellp()

These two member functions with no parameters return a value of the member type streampos, which is a type representing the current get position (in the case of tellg) or the put position (in the case of tellp).

seekg() and seekp()

These functions allow to change the location of the get and put positions. Both functions are overloaded with two different prototypes. The first form is:
seekg ( position );
seekp ( position );

Using this prototype, the stream pointer is changed to the absolute position position (counting from the beginning of the file). The type for this parameter is streampos, which is the same type as returned by functions tellg and tellp.
The other form for these functions is:
seekg ( offset, direction );
seekp ( offset, direction );

Using this prototype, the get or put position is set to an offset value relative to some specific point determined by the parameter direction. offset is of type streamoff. And direction is of type seekdir, which is an enumerated type that determines the point from where offset is counted from, and that can take any of the following values:

ios::beg	offset counted from the beginning of the stream
ios::cur	offset counted from the current position
ios::end	offset counted from the end of the stream

The following example uses the member functions we have just seen to obtain the size of a file:

Notice the type we have used for variables

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begin and end:
streampos is a specific type used for buffer and file positioning and is the type returned by file.tellg(). Values of this type can safely be subtracted from other values of the same type, and can also be converted to an integer type large enough to contain the size of the file.
These stream positioning functions use two particular types: streampos and streamoff. These types are also defined as member types of the stream class:

Type	Member type	Description
streampos	ios::pos_type	Defined as fpos<mbstate_t>. It can be converted to/from streamoff and can be added or subtracted values of these types.
streamoff	ios::off_type	It is an alias of one of the fundamental integral types (such as int or long long).

Each of the member types above is an alias of its non-member equivalent (they are the exact same type). It does not matter which one is used. The member types are more generic, because they are the same on all stream objects (even on streams using exotic types of characters), but the non-member types are widely used in existing code for historical reasons.

Binary files

For binary files, reading and writing data with the extraction and insertion operators (<< and >>) and functions like getline is not efficient, since we do not need to format any data and data is likely not formatted in lines.
File streams include two member functions specifically designed to read and write binary data sequentially: write and read. The first one (write) is a member function of ostream (inherited by ofstream). And read is a member function of istream (inherited by ifstream). Objects of class fstream have both. Their prototypes are:
write ( memory_block, size );
read ( memory_block, size );

Where memory_block is of type char* (pointer to char), and represents the address of an array of bytes where the read data elements are stored or from where the data elements to be written are taken. The size parameter is an integer value that specifies the number of characters to be read or written from/to the memory block.

In this example, the entire file is read and stored in a memory block. Let's examine how this is done:
First, the file is open with the ios::ate flag, which means that the get pointer will be positioned at the end of the file. This way, when we call to member tellg(), we will directly obtain the size of the file.
Once we have obtained the size of the file, we request the allocation of a memory block large enough to hold the entire file:
Right after that, we proceed to set the get position at the beginning of the file (remember that we opened the file with this pointer at the end), then we read the entire file, and finally close it:

At this point we could operate with the data obtained from the file. But our program simply announces that the content of the file is in memory and then finishes.

Buffers and Synchronization

When we operate with file streams, these are associated to an internal buffer object of type streambuf. This buffer object may represent a memory block that acts as an intermediary between the stream and the physical file. For example, with an ofstream, each time the member function put (which writes a single character) is called, the character may be inserted in this intermediate buffer instead of being written directly to the physical file with which the stream is associated.
The operating system may also define other layers of buffering for reading and writing to files.
When the buffer is flushed, all the data contained in it is written to the physical medium (if it is an output stream). This process is called synchronization and takes place under any of the following circumstances:

• When the file is closed: before closing a file, all buffers that have not yet been flushed are synchronized and all pending data is written or read to the physical medium.
• When the buffer is full: Buffers have a certain size. When the buffer is full it is automatically synchronized.
• Explicitly, with manipulators: When certain manipulators are used on streams, an explicit synchronization takes place. These manipulators are: flush and endl.
• Explicitly, with member function sync(): Calling the stream's member function sync() causes an immediate synchronization. This function returns an int value equal to -1 if the stream has no associated buffer or in case of failure. Otherwise (if the stream buffer was successfully synchronized) it returns 0.

Previous: Preprocessor directives

Index

C Programming Obtaining a compiler

Dev-C++[edit]

Wikipedia has related information at Dev-C++

Dev C++ is an Integrated Development Environment(IDE) for the C++ programming language, available from Bloodshed Software. An updated version is available at Orwell Dev-C++.
C++ is a programming language which contains within itself most of the C language, plus extensions. Most C++ compilers will compile C programs, sometimes with a few adjustments (like invoking them with a different name or command line switch). Therefore, you can use Dev C++ for C development.

However, Dev C++ is not the compiler. It is designed to use the MinGW or Cygwin versions of GCC - both of which can be obtained as part of the Dev C++ package, although they are completely different projects.
Dev C++ simply provides an editor, syntax highlighting, some facilities for the visualisation of code (like class and package browsing) and a graphical interface to the chosen compiler. Because Dev C++ analyses the error messages produced by the compiler and attempts to distinguish the line numbers from the errors themselves, the use of other compiler software is discouraged since the format of their error messages is likely to be different.

The latest version of Dev-C++ is a beta for version 5. However, it still has a significant number of bugs. All the features are there, and it is quite usable. It is considered one of the best free software C IDEs available for Windows.

A version of Dev C++ for Linux is in the pipeline. It is not quite usable yet, however. Linux users already have a wealth of IDEs available. (e.g. KDevelop and Anjuta.) Most of the graphical text editors, and other common editors such as emacs and vim, support syntax highlighting.

Steps for Obtaining Dev-C++ if You're on Windows

1. Go to https://sourceforge.net/projects/orwelldevcpp/ and pick the download option.
2. The setup is pretty straight forward. Make sure the compiler option is ticked.
3. You can now use the environment provided by the software to write and run your code.
4. OPTIONALLY: 'C:Program Files (x86)Dev-CppMinGW64bin' can be added to the global PATH variable of the operating system to compile with gcc from a command prompt.

GCC[edit]

The GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) is a free/libre set of compilers developed by the Free Software Foundation and can be installed on a wide variety of operating systems. GCC commands are used throughout this book to demonstrate how to compile C code so you are encouraged to take the time to install GCC on your machine.

Steps for Obtaining the GCC Compiler if You're on GNU/Linux

On GNU/Linux, Installing the GNU C Compiler can vary in method from distribution to distribution. (Type in cc -v to see if it is installed already.)

• For Ubuntu, install the GCC compiler (along with other necessary tools) by using sudo apt install build-essential, or by using Synaptic. You do not need Universe enabled.
• For Debian, install the GCC compiler (as root) by using apt install gcc.
• For Fedora Core, install the GCC compiler (as root) by using yum install gcc.
• For Redhat, get a GCC RPM, e.g. using Rpmfind and then install (as root) using rpm -ivh gcc-version-release.arch.rpm
• For Mandrake, install the GCC compiler (as root) by using urpmi gcc
• For Slackware, the package is available on their website - simply download, and type installpkg gcc-xxxxx.tgz
• For Gentoo, you should already have GCC installed as it will have been used when you first installed. To update it run (as root) emerge -uav gcc.
• For Arch Linux, install the GCC compiler (as root) by using pacman -S gcc.
• If you cannot become root, get the GCC tarball from ftp://ftp.gnu.org/ and follow the instructions in it to compile and install in your home directory. Be warned though, you need a C compiler to do that - yes, GCC itself is written in C.
• You can use a commercial C compiler/IDE.

macOS

The simplest method for obtaining a compiler is to install Apple's proprietary IDE, Xcode, available for free.

Xcode comes bundled with a gcc-compatible compiler called clang which replaced GCC as Xcode's default C compiler a number of years ago. But because Xcode aliases the gcc command to the clang compiler, GCC installation isn't necessary to compile the example code in this book.

If you prefer using the GCC compiler, the third-party package manager, Homebrew, provides an easy installation process. You'll first need to install Homebrew, and then issue the brew install command to install the desired GCC Homebrew formulae. You may want to find a recent tutorial that will step you through this process as other commands may be necessary to get GCC set up flawlessly on your system, especially if you already have Xcode installed.

For hardcore computer enthusiasts, GCC can be compiled directly from the source code. We highly recommend searching out and following an up-to-date tutorial for installing GCC from source files.

Steps for Obtaining the GCC Compiler if You're on BSD Family Systems

• For FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, DragonFly BSD the port of GNU gcc is available in the base system, or it could be obtained using the ports collection or pkgsrc.

Steps for Obtaining the GCC Compiler if You're on Windows

Open Dev File

There are two ways to use GCC on Windows: Cygwin and MinGW. Applications compiled with Cygwin will not run on any computer without Cygwin, so MinGW is recommended. MinGW is simpler to install, and takes less disk space.

To get MinGW, do this:

1. Go to http://sourceforge.net/projects/mingw/ download and save this to your hard drive.
2. Once the download is finished, open it and follow the instructions. You can also choose to install additional compilers, or the tool Make, but these aren't necessary.
3. Now you need to set your PATH. Right-click on 'My computer' and click 'Properties'. Go to the 'Advanced' tab and click on 'Environment variables'. Go to the 'System variables' section and scroll down until you see 'Path'. Click on it, then click 'edit'. Add ';C:mingwbin' (without the quotes) to the end.
4. To test if GCC works, open a command prompt and type 'gcc'. You should get the message 'gcc: fatal error: no input files compilation terminated.'. If you get this message, GCC is installed correctly.

To get Cygwin, do this:

1. Go to http://www.cygwin.com and click on the 'Install Cygwin Now' button in the upper right corner of the page.
2. Click 'run' in the window that pops up, and click 'next' several times, accepting all the default settings.
3. Choose any of the Download sites ('ftp.easynet.be', etc.) when that window comes up; press 'next' and the Cygwin installer should start downloading.
4. When the 'Select Packages' window appears, scroll down to the heading 'Devel' and click on the '+' by it. In the list of packages that now displays, scroll down and find the 'gcc-core' package; this is the compiler. Click once on the word 'Skip', and it should change to some number like '3.4' etc. (the version number), and an 'X' will appear next to 'gcc-core' and several other related packages that will now be downloaded.
5. Click 'next' and the compiler as well as the Cygwin tools should start downloading; this could take a while. While you're waiting for the installation to finish, download any text-editor designed for programming. While Cygwin does include some, you may prefer doing a web search to find other alternatives. While using a stock text editor is possible, it is not ideal.
6. Once the Cygwin downloads are finished and you have clicked 'next', etc. to finish the installation, double-click the Cygwin icon on your desktop to begin the Cygwin 'command prompt'. Your home directory will automatically be set up in the Cygwin folder, which now should be at 'C:cygwin' (the Cygwin folder is in some ways like a small unix/linux computer on your Windows machine -- not technically of course, but it may be helpful to think of it that way).
7. Type 'gcc' at the Cygwin prompt and press 'enter'; if 'gcc: no input files' or something like it appears you have succeeded and now have the gcc compiler on your computer (and congratulations -- you have also just received your first error message!).

Third option is to use WSL: Yamaha vst instruments free download.

Dev C Compiler

1. Go to http://aka.ms/wsldocs and follow the steps to install WSL
2. Go to https://aka.ms/vscode and follow the steps to install VSCode
3. Follow the guide and choose Get Started with C++ and WSL
4. As a result you will need to install possibly Ubuntu and set-up accordingly installing GCC like the Linux guide above.

The current stable (usable) version of GCC is 4.9.1 published on 2014-07-16, which supports several platforms. In fact, GCC is not only a C compiler, but a family of compilers for several languages, such as C++, Ada, Java, and Fortran.

Embedded systems[edit]

• Most CPUs are microcontrollers in embedded systems, often programmed in C, but most of the compilers mentioned above (except GCC) do not support such CPUs. For specialized compilers that do support embedded systems, see Embedded Systems/C Programming.

Other C compilers[edit]

We have a long list of C compilers in a much later section of this Wikibook.Which of those compilers would be suitable for beginning C programmers, that we should say a few words about getting started with that particular compiler in this section of this Wikibook?

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C Programming Obtaining a compiler

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